Assignment 1: Chapters 1 and 2
[1] Short answer questions (2 points for each lettered subheading):
(a) What happens to the strength of the gravitational attraction between two masses if you reduce
the distance between them by half?
G m1 m2
Gravitational Force: 𝐹 = r2
What happens to the strength of the gravitational attraction if you do not alter the distance, but
you double both masses?
Hint: You should be able to answer these two questions by inspecting the form of Newton’s
gravitational force equation (above). Imagine making the requested changes to the variable(s)
and then observing the resultant effect on F. You can make it easier on yourself by imagining
that the original values of all the variables (letters) are equal to one.
(b) How many astronomical units are there between the Earth and the Sun?
What is the numerical value of an astronomical unit in kilometers?
(c) How long does it take light to travel from the Sun to the Earth?
How long does it take light to travel from the Sun to Jupiter? (Do not Google!)
Hint: There are 5.2 astronomical units between the Sun and Jupiter.
(d) What time does the last quarter moon set?
What is the phase of the moon if it rises at Noon?
(e) What is the ecliptic plane?
For the Sun, Earth, Moon system define the line of nodes?
[2] Long answer exercise (10 points): Describe in some detail the important telescopic observations that
Galileo about Venus. Why were these observations so important?
[3] Long answer exercise (10 points) Giordano Bruno 1548—1600 was burned at the stake for heresy by
the inquisition. Describe at least three of his astronomical speculations that led him to this horrible fate.
[4] Long answer exercise (10 points) State clearly Kepler’s three laws. Explain the essential meaning of
the second and third law to an interested non-scientific friend without making a mess
