Define geographic cline and explain the value of making geographic ancestry-based distinctions between subpopulations in certain limited circumstances.

a) Outline the immediate evolutionary history of Homo sapiens sapiens and explain (in relation to the concept of race) how humans populated our geographically diverse earth

b) Recount the history of the race concept as applied to human subgroups and explain the difference between biological race, racialism, and racism

c) Define geographic cline and explain the value of making geographic ancestry-based distinctions between subpopulations in certain limited circumstances

d) Explain the genetic argument against race, with reference to genetic variation within and between diverse groups