Assignment Question
Create a concept map for one of the topics from the list below: Burns Acne Psoriasis Skin Cancer The content of the concept map must include: pathophysiology definition etiology risk factors (genetic predisposition and environment factors if applicable) causative factors common signs and symptoms for the disease labs & diagnostic tests nursing interventions medical treatment complications of the disease patient & family education 4-6 references using APA 7th ed. format What is a concept map? A concept map is a visual representation of an overarching topic and the relationships between individual ideas, images, or words that lend themselves to the larger picture. Using designated shapes, as well as labeled lines and arrows, concept maps can depict cause and effect, requirements, and contributions between items. Concept maps are ideal for developing logical thinking, dissecting complex systems, and contextualizing specific ideas within larger topics. Source: Lucidspark. (n.d.). What is a Concept Map? https://lucidspark.com/blog/what-is-a-concept-mapLinks to an external site. Rubric Concept Map Rubric Concept Map Rubric Criteria Ratings Pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomePathophysiology, definition, and etiology 20 pts Proficient Identifies and demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of the topic. 15 pts Developing Proficiency Identifies and demonstrates an accomplished understanding of the topic. 10 pts Inadequate Identifies and demonstrates some understanding of the topic. 0 pts No Marks 20 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeRisk factors (genetic predispositions and environment factors if applicable) and causative factors 10 pts Proficient Presents an insightful, accurate, and thorough analysis of risk factors and causative factors. 8 pts Developing Proficiency Presents an adequate analysis of risk factors and causative factors. 5 pts Inadequate Presents a superficial or incomplete analysis of some of the risk factors and causative factors. 0 pts No Marks 10 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeSigns and symptoms for the disease 10 pts Proficient Presents an insightful, accurate, and thorough analysis of signs and symptoms for the disease. 8 pts Developing Proficiency Presents an adequate analysis of signs and symptoms for the disease. 5 pts Inadequate Presents a superficial or incomplete analysis of the signs and symptoms for the disease. 0 pts No Marks 10 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeLabs and diagnostic tests 10 pts Proficient Presents an insightful, accurate, and thorough analysis of labs and diagnostic tests. 8 pts Developing Proficiency Presents an adequate analysis of labs and diagnostic tests. 5 pts Inadequate Presents a superficial or incomplete analysis of labs and diagnostic tests. 0 pts No Marks 10 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeNursing interventions 10 pts Proficient Presents an insightful, realistic, and thorough analysis of nursing interventions. 8 pts Developing Proficiency Presents an adequate analysis of most nursing interventions. 5 pts Inadequate Presents a superficial or incomplete analysis of nursing interventions. 0 pts No Marks 10 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeMedical treatment 10 pts Proficient Presents an insightful, realistic, and thorough analysis of medical treatment. 8 pts Developing Proficiency Presents an adequate analysis of medical treatment. 5 pts Inadequate Presents a superficial or incomplete analysis of medical treatment. 0 pts No Marks 10 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomePatient and family education 20 pts Proficient Presents an insightful, realistic, and thorough analysis of patient and family education. 15 pts Developing Proficiency Presents an adequate analysis of patient and family education. 10 pts Inadequate Presents a superficial or incomplete analysis of patient and family education. 0 pts No Marks 20 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeComplications of the disease 5 pts Proficient Presents an insightful, accurate, and thorough analysis of complications of the disease. 4 pts Developing Proficiency Presents an adequate analysis of the complications of the disease. 3 pts Inadequate Presents a superficial or incomplete analysis of complications of the disease. 0 pts No Marks 5 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome4-6 references using APA 7th ed. format 5 pts Proficient Utilizes 4-6 peer reviewed, evidence based research references. References are appropriate, relevant. APA 7th ed. format is used. 4 pts Developing Proficiency Includes less than 4 peer reviewed, evidence based research references. References are mostly appropriate and relevant. APA 7th ed format is used with some issues. 3 pts Inadequate Includes limited to no peer reviewed, evidence-based research references. Does not follow APA 7th ed format. 0 pts No Marks 5 pts Total Points: 100
Answer
Introduction
The integumentary system, encompassing the skin and its appendages, is vulnerable to various disorders, with psoriasis standing out prominently. Psoriasis is a complex autoimmune disorder that transcends the superficial manifestations of the skin, delving into the intricate interactions between the immune system, genetic predispositions, and environmental factors. This concept map aims to unravel the layers of psoriasis, starting with a detailed exploration of its pathophysiology, definition, and etiology. By comprehensively understanding these fundamental aspects, healthcare professionals can navigate the complexities of psoriasis for effective management and patient care (Lowes, Suárez-Fariñas, & Krueger, 2014).
Risk Factors and Causative Factors
The genetic underpinnings of psoriasis extend beyond a single gene, with HLA-Cw6 being a notable genetic marker associated with susceptibility (Nestle et al., 2009). However, the interplay of multiple genes and their intricate relationships create a genetic landscape that predisposes individuals to psoriasis. Environmental factors play a crucial role in triggering and exacerbating psoriasis in genetically susceptible individuals. Stress, infections, and certain medications act as precipitating factors, amplifying the immune response and leading to the characteristic manifestations of psoriasis. The interconnectivity of genetic and environmental factors underscores the need for a personalized approach in understanding and managing psoriasis (Boehncke & Schön, 2015).
Signs and Symptoms
Psoriasis is a systemic disorder with diverse clinical presentations. Beyond the classic erythematous plaques, patients often experience psoriatic nail dystrophy, affecting both the nails and surrounding tissues (Ritchlin et al., 2017). Psoriatic arthritis, an inflammatory joint condition, is a significant comorbidity that contributes to the complexity of psoriasis. The psychosocial impact of the disease is substantial, with patients facing increased rates of depression and anxiety. Recognizing these diverse signs and symptoms is imperative for healthcare professionals to tailor interventions to the unique needs of each patient (Feldman et al., 2014).
Labs and Diagnostic Tests
Diagnosing psoriasis involves a multifaceted approach that goes beyond clinical observation. While visual inspection remains a primary diagnostic tool, histopathological examination of skin biopsies is essential for confirming the diagnosis (Greb et al., 2016). Immunohistochemistry aids in identifying specific cellular markers associated with psoriasis, contributing to a more precise diagnosis. Laboratory tests, including inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, provide additional insights into the systemic inflammation associated with psoriasis. Advanced imaging studies, such as X-rays and MRI, play a crucial role in assessing joint involvement in psoriatic arthritis. A nuanced understanding of these diagnostic tools is paramount for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment planning.
Nursing Interventions
Nursing interventions for psoriasis extend beyond wound care and medication administration. Nurses play a pivotal role in fostering a supportive environment that addresses the psychological and emotional toll of psoriasis on patients (Iversen et al., 2015). Patient education is a cornerstone of nursing care, involving detailed discussions on triggers, lifestyle modifications, and coping strategies. Furthermore, nurses act as advocates for patients, ensuring their concerns are heard and incorporated into the overall care plan. Collaborating with other healthcare professionals, nurses contribute to a holistic approach that emphasizes the interconnectedness of physical and emotional well-being in psoriasis management.
Medical Treatment
The medical treatment landscape for psoriasis is vast, ranging from topical therapies to biologics. Topical treatments, including corticosteroids and vitamin D analogs, are often the first line of defense for mild cases (Mrowietz et al., 2018). Phototherapy, involving controlled exposure to ultraviolet light, is effective for moderate cases. In severe and refractory cases, systemic medications such as methotrexate or biologics, targeting specific immune pathways, are utilized. Understanding the mechanisms, potential side effects, and individual considerations for each treatment modality is crucial for healthcare providers to tailor interventions that optimize outcomes.
Patient and Family Education
Patient and family education in psoriasis management extends beyond the clinical aspects of the disease. It involves empowering patients with knowledge about their condition, treatment options, and potential lifestyle modifications (Augustin et al., 2019). Patients need to be informed about triggers, the importance of adherence to treatment regimens, and recognizing early signs of exacerbation. Education also encompasses addressing the stigma associated with psoriasis, fostering a supportive environment both within the family and the broader community. By providing comprehensive education, healthcare professionals enable patients and their families to actively participate in their care and improve long-term outcomes.
Complications of the Disease
Psoriasis is not confined to the skin; it carries a spectrum of complications that impact various organ systems. Psoriatic arthritis, a common comorbidity, can lead to joint deformities and disability if not managed promptly (Ogdie & Weiss, 2017). Cardiovascular comorbidities, including an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke, underscore the systemic nature of psoriasis (Ahlehoff et al., 2011). Additionally, psoriasis is associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity, and an increased prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Recognizing and proactively managing these complications are paramount for healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive care that addresses the holistic well-being of individuals with psoriasis.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the expanded concept map for psoriasis provides an intricate exploration of this complex autoimmune disorder. From its genetic foundations to the potential complications impacting multiple organ systems, the concept map elucidates the interconnected nature of psoriasis. Recognizing the interplay between genetic and environmental factors, understanding diagnostic procedures, implementing holistic nursing interventions, tailoring medical treatments, and emphasizing patient and family education are integral components of managing psoriasis effectively. This comprehensive understanding enables healthcare professionals to navigate the nuanced landscape of psoriasis, fostering patient-centered care that addresses both the visible and invisible dimensions of this chronic skin disorder.
References
Ahlehoff, O., Gislason, G. H., Jørgensen, C. H., Lindhardsen, J., Charlot, M., Olesen, J. B., … Hansen, P. R. (2011). Psoriasis and risk of atrial fibrillation and ischaemic stroke: a Danish Nationwide Cohort Study. European Heart Journal, 32(8), 983–990.
Boehncke, W. H., & Schön, M. P. (2015). Psoriasis. The Lancet, 386(9997), 983–994.
Feldman, S. R., Malakouti, M., Koo, J. Y., & Menter, A. (2014). Potential of biologics in the treatment of psoriasis. Psoriasis (Auckland, N.Z.), 4, 43–52.
Greb, J. E., Goldminz, A. M., Elder, J. T., Lebwohl, M. G., Gladman, D. D., Wu, J. J., Mehta, N. N., & Finlay, A. Y. (2016). Psoriasis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 2, 16082.
Iversen, L., Larsen, L. S., Dreyer, L., & Wahl, A. K. (2015). Nurses’ role in psoriasis care: a focus group study among nurses in dermatological care settings. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 24(11–12), 1631–1640.
Lowes, M. A., Suárez-Fariñas, M., & Krueger, J. G. (2014). Immunology of psoriasis. Annual Review of Immunology, 32, 227–255.
Mrowietz, U., Kragballe, K., Reich, K., Spuls, P., Griffiths, C. E. M., Nast, A., … Schmid-Ott, G. (2018). Definition of treatment goals for moderate to severe psoriasis: A European consensus. Archives of Dermatological Research, 310(8), 573–579.
Nestle, F. O., Kaplan, D. H., & Barker, J. (2009). Psoriasis. New England Journal of Medicine, 361(5), 496–509.
Ogdie, A., & Weiss, P. (2017). The Epidemiology of Psoriatic Arthritis. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America, 43(4), 545–568.
Perera, G. K., Di Meglio, P., & Nestle, F. O. (2012). Psoriasis. Annual Review of Pathology, 7, 385–422.
Ritchlin, C. T., Colbert, R. A., & Gladman, D. D. (2017). Psoriatic Arthritis. The New England Journal of Medicine, 376(10), 957–970.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1: What is psoriasis, and how does it affect the skin?
A1: Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by an overactive immune response, leading to rapid skin cell turnover. It results in the formation of erythematous plaques with silvery scales, causing itching and discomfort.
Q2: What are the genetic and environmental factors contributing to psoriasis?
A2: Psoriasis has a genetic basis, with HLA-Cw6 gene linked to susceptibility. Environmental triggers, including stress, infections, and certain medications, can exacerbate psoriasis in genetically susceptible individuals.
Q3: What are the signs and symptoms of psoriasis beyond the typical skin plaques?
A3: Psoriasis presents with diverse manifestations, including psoriatic nail dystrophy, joint inflammation (psoriatic arthritis), and a significant psychosocial impact, leading to increased rates of depression and anxiety.
Q4: How is psoriasis diagnosed, and what diagnostic tests are involved?
A4: Diagnosis involves visual inspection, histopathological examination of skin biopsies, and immunohistochemistry. Laboratory tests such as C-reactive protein and imaging studies like X-rays and MRI are employed to assess joint involvement in psoriatic arthritis.
Q5: What role do nurses play in the management of psoriasis?
A5: Nurses play a crucial role in providing holistic care for individuals with psoriasis. This includes wound care, psychological support, patient education, and collaboration with other healthcare professionals to ensure a comprehensive approach to care.
